Abdominal organs include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, intestines (small and large), kidneys, and bladder. These organs are responsible for digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination, and metabolic functions. Disorders affecting these organs, such as infections, tumors, or inflammation, may require medical or surgical intervention to restore function and maintain overall health.

The oesophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, enabling the passage of food and liquids. It moves contents via peristalsis—rhythmic contractions. Common disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia, and esophageal cancer. Treatments range from medications and lifestyle changes to surgical interventions like fundoplication or esophagectomy to restore function and relieve symptoms.

Stomach surgeries address conditions like ulcers, cancers, obesity, and blockages. Common procedures include gastrectomy (partial or total removal), gastric bypass for weight loss, and ulcer repairs. These surgeries aim to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopy, are often used to reduce recovery time and enhance outcomes.

Small intestine surgeries treat conditions like obstructions, Crohn's disease, tumors, and perforations. Procedures include resection (removing damaged sections) and anastomosis (reconnecting healthy ends) or stricturoplasty to widen narrowed areas. These surgeries aim to restore normal digestion and nutrient absorption. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopy, help reduce recovery time and surgical risks.

Colon surgeries treat conditions like cancer, diverticulitis, and obstructions, often involving colectomy (removal of part or all of the colon) and anastomosis to restore bowel function. Liver surgeries address tumors, cysts, or cirrhosis, with procedures like hepatectomy (partial removal) or liver resection. Both aim to eliminate disease and preserve function, often using minimally invasive techniques for quicker recovery.

Pancreatic surgeries treat conditions like cancer, pancreatitis, and cysts. Common procedures include the Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) to remove tumors, distal pancreatectomy for tail lesions, and drainage for pseudocysts. These surgeries aim to eliminate disease, relieve symptoms, and preserve digestive and insulin functions. Minimally invasive techniques help reduce recovery time and surgical risks.

Gallbladder surgery, typically a cholecystectomy, removes the organ to treat gallstones, inflammation (cholecystitis), or polyps causing pain or complications. It’s often performed laparoscopically, involving small incisions for faster recovery and less pain. Without a gallbladder, bile flows directly from the liver to the small intestine, allowing patients to digest food normally with minor dietary adjustments if needed.

Appendix surgery, usually an appendectomy, removes the inflamed or infected appendix to treat appendicitis and prevent rupture or peritonitis. It’s often performed laparoscopically for less pain and faster recovery. The appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine, has no vital function, so its removal doesn’t affect digestion. Prompt surgery is crucial to avoid complications and ensure a smooth recovery.

Bile duct surgeries treat obstructions, stones, strictures, or cancers that block bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Common procedures include bile duct exploration, choledocholithotomy (stone removal), and biliary bypass or resection for tumors. Minimally invasive techniques, such as ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), help restore bile flow, relieve jaundice, and prevent complications effectively.

Thyroid surgeries treat conditions like goiters, hyperthyroidism, and cancers. Common procedures include thyroidectomy (partial or total removal) and lobectomy (removal of one lobe). These surgeries aim to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and manage hormone production. Minimally invasive approaches reduce scarring and recovery time, ensuring effective treatment while preserving nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and vocal cords.

Breast lump surgeries treat benign conditions like fibroadenomas or cysts and malignant tumors. Common procedures include lumpectomy (removal of the lump with surrounding tissue) for early-stage cancer and mastectomy (partial or total breast removal) for extensive cases. These surgeries aim to eliminate abnormal tissue, prevent cancer spread, and preserve as much healthy tissue as possible, often followed by reconstruction if needed.

Breast cancer surgeries aim to remove tumors and prevent spread, including lumpectomy (tumor removal with surrounding tissue) and mastectomy (partial or total breast removal). Lymph node dissection may be performed to check for metastasis. Depending on the stage, surgery is often combined with radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. The goal is to eliminate cancer while preserving appearance and function when possible.

Proctologic diseases affect the rectum, anus, and colon, including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, fistulas, abscesses, rectal prolapse, and colorectal cancer. Symptoms range from pain and bleeding to incontinence. Treatments vary from medications and minimally invasive procedures, like rubber band ligation for hemorrhoids, to surgical interventions such as hemorrhoidectomy or fistulotomy, aiming to relieve symptoms and restore normal bowel function.

Hernias occur when an organ pushes through a weak spot in surrounding muscles. Common types include inguinal (groin area), umbilical (near the belly button), hiatal (upper stomach through the diaphragm), femoral (upper thigh), and incisional (through surgical scars). Symptoms range from visible bulges to pain. Treatment often involves surgical repair, either open or laparoscopic, to prevent complications like strangulation.

Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb due to severe trauma, infection, cancer, or complications from conditions like diabetes. The procedure aims to prevent life-threatening infections, relieve pain, and improve quality of life. Post-surgery, patients undergo rehabilitation and are often fitted with prosthetics to restore mobility and independence, focusing on both physical and emotional recovery.