Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): 

CKD is a gradual loss of kidney function over time, often caused by diabetes, hypertension, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include fatigue, swelling, high blood pressure, and changes in urination. If untreated, it can progress to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant. Management focuses on controlling underlying conditions, lifestyle changes, and medications to slow disease progression and prevent complications.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI):

AKI is a sudden decline in kidney function due to dehydration, infections, medications, or underlying diseases. Symptoms include reduced urine output, fluid retention, confusion, and electrolyte imbalances. AKI can be reversible with early intervention, including hydration, treating infections, and stopping harmful medications. Severe cases may require temporary dialysis to support kidney function until recovery.

Kidney Stones:

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys, causing severe pain, blood in urine, nausea, and frequent urination. They result from dehydration, high salt intake, or metabolic disorders. Small stones may pass naturally, while larger ones require medications, shockwave therapy, or surgical removal. Prevention includes staying hydrated, reducing salt and oxalate-rich foods, and maintaining a balanced diet.

Glomerulonephritis:

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli), often caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or chronic diseases. Symptoms include blood or protein in urine, swelling, high blood pressure, and kidney dysfunction. Treatment depends on the cause and may include immunosuppressants, blood pressure control, and lifestyle modifications to prevent kidney damage and preserve function.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD):

PKD is a genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts to develop in the kidneys, leading to enlarged kidneys, high blood pressure, back pain, and kidney failure. It is a progressive condition with no cure, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms, controlling blood pressure, and preventing complications like infections and kidney stones. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Hypertension-Related Kidney Disease:

Chronic high blood pressure damages kidney blood vessels over time, reducing their ability to filter waste effectively. Symptoms include swelling, high creatinine levels, and protein in the urine. If left uncontrolled, it can lead to CKD or kidney failure. Management includes blood pressure-lowering medications, a low-sodium diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes to protect kidney function and prevent further complications.